Growth Requirements

Climate and Temperature: Maize thrives in frost-free areas with daily temperatures above 15°C. Optimal germination occurs at 18–20°C. It tolerates hot, dry conditions but is sensitive to frost, particularly during early growth stages. Growth degree days vary by variety, from 1800 to over 3700^[1].

Soil and Fertility: Maize grows best in well-drained, aerated soils but avoids heavy clay or sandy soils. High-yielding crops need up to 200 kg/ha nitrogen, 50–80 kg/ha phosphorus, and 60–100 kg/ha potassium. It is moderately sensitive to salinity, with yield loss starting at 2.5 mmhos/cm^[1].

Water and Irrigation: Water needs depend on climate and growth stage. Irrigated crops may require 5 to 7 tonnes of water per hectare. Proper irrigation scheduling is key to maximizing yield and efficiency^[1].

Planting Density: For grain, plant populations range from 20,000 to 80,000 plants per hectare, depending on variety. Forage maize requires denser planting, typically 50% higher than grain crops^[1].

Maize thrives in deep, well-drained, fertile soils with over 500 mm of seasonal rainfall. It tolerates soil acidity but benefits from liming in highly acidic conditions. Poorly drained soils should be avoided unless practices like ridge tillage or drainage are used. Drought during flowering (silking and tasseling) can severely reduce yields, making water conservation crucial. High temperatures above 38°C impair pollen viability, while growth slows below 10°C^[1].

Soil pH is a key indicator of soil quality and nutrient availability for maize. The optimal pH range for maize is 5.5 to 6.5 (Calcium Chloride scale). Liming acidic soils adjusts pH to this range, enhancing Fertilizer Use Efficiency (FUE). It also reduces toxic elements like aluminum and manganese, improving soil structure, crop emergence, root development, and nutrient uptake^[2].

References

1. ^{a, b, c, d, e} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2. ^{^} John Basera, Agronomy and Extension Services Manager at Seed Co